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Archaeological Perspectives on Hunter-Gatherer Landscapes and Resource Management in Interior North Norway

Edited by
Marianne Skandfer [+–]
Tromsø Museum – The University Museum, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway
Marianne Skandfer is Associate professor in archaeology at Tromsø University Museum, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway. Among her fields of research is spatial and temporal variations in Stone Age house-pit dwelling.
Hans Peter Blankholm [+–]
UiT – The Arctic University of Norway
Hans Peter Blankholm is Professor in archaeology at the Department of History and Religious Studies, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway. His research covers Stone Age archaeology of Scandinavia and analytical methodology relating to spatial analyses, GIS, remote sensing and predictive modelling. Blankholm is a member of the board for the Earth- and Environmental Sciences Division within the European Academy of Sciences, and a member of UISPP Commission IV.
Bryan C. Hood [+–]
UiT – the Arctic University of Norway
Bryan C. Hood is Professor in Archaeology at UiT- the Arctic University of Norway, with a focus on hunter-gatherer settlement and social organization in the circumpolar region. In addition to northern Norway, he has worked in the Arctic/Subarctic transition zone of northeastern Canada (Labrador), Greenland, Baffin Island and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. His research interests include the organization of lithic technology, shellfish procurement and archaeological research history. Currently, he is exploring the use of pXRF in characterizing the chert sources of northern Norway, as well as the use of incremental growth in marine shells for seasonality determination.

For a century, Stone Age research on the coast of north Norway has been influential on settlement studies in the larger region. Research on Stone Age and Sámi coastal sites has brought forward central debates in the general archaeology in Fennoscandia. Our knowledge of the inland has on the other hand, been week, geographically skewed towards the larger river valleys and exhibiting major chronological gaps, the reality of which was unknown. From 2008 to 2013 the LARM project (Landscape and Resource Management) was aimed at generating new archaeological knowledge of the inland and integrating it with old, mostly unpublished, data derived from hydroelectric development projects implemented in the 1970s and 1980s. This book is the result of that effort.


The book is framed conceptually by a general approach to hunter-gatherer landscape use. This is discussed also in relation to the transition from hunting to reindeer herding among the indigenous Sámi in the region under study. Sámi landscape practices and knowledge constitute an important baseline, with circumpolar perspectives integrated. The archaeological and historical data investigated in the book range from about 7500 BC until the Early Modern period (AD 1500-1700).

Table of Contents

Chapter 1

Landscape and Resource Management in Interior Sápmi, North Norway [+–]
Bryan C. Hood,Marianne Skandfer
UiT – the Arctic University of Norway
Bryan C. Hood is Professor in Archaeology at UiT- the Arctic University of Norway, with a focus on hunter-gatherer settlement and social organization in the circumpolar region. In addition to northern Norway, he has worked in the Arctic/Subarctic transition zone of northeastern Canada (Labrador), Greenland, Baffin Island and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. His research interests include the organization of lithic technology, shellfish procurement and archaeological research history. Currently, he is exploring the use of pXRF in characterizing the chert sources of northern Norway, as well as the use of incremental growth in marine shells for seasonality determination.

Tromsø Museum – The University Museum, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway
Marianne Skandfer is Associate professor in archaeology at Tromsø University Museum, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway. Among her fields of research is spatial and temporal variations in Stone Age house-pit dwelling.
For a century, Stone Age research on the coast of north Norway has been influential on settlement studies in the larger region. Research on Stone Age and Sámi coastal sites has brought forward central debates in the general archaeology in Fennoscandia. Our knowledge of the inland has on the other hand, been week, geographically skewed towards the larger river valleys and exhibiting major chronological gaps, the reality of which was unknown. From 2008 to 2013 the LARM project (Landscape and Resource Management) was aimed at generating new archaeological knowledge of the inland and integrating it with old, mostly unpublished, data derived from hydroelectric development projects implemented in the 1970s and 1980s. This book is the result of that effort. The book is framed conceptually by a general approach to hunter-gatherer landscape use. This is discussed also in relation to the transition from hunting to reindeer herding among the indigenous Sámi in the region under study. Sámi landscape practices and knowledge constitute an important baseline, with circumpolar perspectives integrated. The archaeological and historical data investigated in the book range from about 7500 BC until the Early Modern period (AD 1500-1700).

Chapter 2

Culture-History Overview: From Ethnography towards Archaeology [+–]
Marianne Skandfer
Tromsø Museum – The University Museum, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway
Marianne Skandfer is Associate professor in archaeology at Tromsø University Museum, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway. Among her fields of research is spatial and temporal variations in Stone Age house-pit dwelling.
For a century, Stone Age research on the coast of north Norway has been influential on settlement studies in the larger region. Research on Stone Age and Sámi coastal sites has brought forward central debates in the general archaeology in Fennoscandia. Our knowledge of the inland has on the other hand, been week, geographically skewed towards the larger river valleys and exhibiting major chronological gaps, the reality of which was unknown. From 2008 to 2013 the LARM project (Landscape and Resource Management) was aimed at generating new archaeological knowledge of the inland and integrating it with old, mostly unpublished, data derived from hydroelectric development projects implemented in the 1970s and 1980s. This book is the result of that effort. The book is framed conceptually by a general approach to hunter-gatherer landscape use. This is discussed also in relation to the transition from hunting to reindeer herding among the indigenous Sámi in the region under study. Sámi landscape practices and knowledge constitute an important baseline, with circumpolar perspectives integrated. The archaeological and historical data investigated in the book range from about 7500 BC until the Early Modern period (AD 1500-1700).

Chapter 3

Concepts and Methods [+–]
Bryan C. Hood,Marianne Skandfer
UiT – the Arctic University of Norway
Bryan C. Hood is Professor in Archaeology at UiT- the Arctic University of Norway, with a focus on hunter-gatherer settlement and social organization in the circumpolar region. In addition to northern Norway, he has worked in the Arctic/Subarctic transition zone of northeastern Canada (Labrador), Greenland, Baffin Island and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. His research interests include the organization of lithic technology, shellfish procurement and archaeological research history. Currently, he is exploring the use of pXRF in characterizing the chert sources of northern Norway, as well as the use of incremental growth in marine shells for seasonality determination.

Tromsø Museum – The University Museum, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway
Marianne Skandfer is Associate professor in archaeology at Tromsø University Museum, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway. Among her fields of research is spatial and temporal variations in Stone Age house-pit dwelling.
For a century, Stone Age research on the coast of north Norway has been influential on settlement studies in the larger region. Research on Stone Age and Sámi coastal sites has brought forward central debates in the general archaeology in Fennoscandia. Our knowledge of the inland has on the other hand, been week, geographically skewed towards the larger river valleys and exhibiting major chronological gaps, the reality of which was unknown. From 2008 to 2013 the LARM project (Landscape and Resource Management) was aimed at generating new archaeological knowledge of the inland and integrating it with old, mostly unpublished, data derived from hydroelectric development projects implemented in the 1970s and 1980s. This book is the result of that effort. The book is framed conceptually by a general approach to hunter-gatherer landscape use. This is discussed also in relation to the transition from hunting to reindeer herding among the indigenous Sámi in the region under study. Sámi landscape practices and knowledge constitute an important baseline, with circumpolar perspectives integrated. The archaeological and historical data investigated in the book range from about 7500 BC until the Early Modern period (AD 1500-1700).

Chapter 4

Reflections on Living in Landscapes [+–]
Bryan C. Hood,Marianne Skandfer
UiT – the Arctic University of Norway
Bryan C. Hood is Professor in Archaeology at UiT- the Arctic University of Norway, with a focus on hunter-gatherer settlement and social organization in the circumpolar region. In addition to northern Norway, he has worked in the Arctic/Subarctic transition zone of northeastern Canada (Labrador), Greenland, Baffin Island and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. His research interests include the organization of lithic technology, shellfish procurement and archaeological research history. Currently, he is exploring the use of pXRF in characterizing the chert sources of northern Norway, as well as the use of incremental growth in marine shells for seasonality determination.

Tromsø Museum – The University Museum, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway
Marianne Skandfer is Associate professor in archaeology at Tromsø University Museum, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway. Among her fields of research is spatial and temporal variations in Stone Age house-pit dwelling.
For a century, Stone Age research on the coast of north Norway has been influential on settlement studies in the larger region. Research on Stone Age and Sámi coastal sites has brought forward central debates in the general archaeology in Fennoscandia. Our knowledge of the inland has on the other hand, been week, geographically skewed towards the larger river valleys and exhibiting major chronological gaps, the reality of which was unknown. From 2008 to 2013 the LARM project (Landscape and Resource Management) was aimed at generating new archaeological knowledge of the inland and integrating it with old, mostly unpublished, data derived from hydroelectric development projects implemented in the 1970s and 1980s. This book is the result of that effort. The book is framed conceptually by a general approach to hunter-gatherer landscape use. This is discussed also in relation to the transition from hunting to reindeer herding among the indigenous Sámi in the region under study. Sámi landscape practices and knowledge constitute an important baseline, with circumpolar perspectives integrated. The archaeological and historical data investigated in the book range from about 7500 BC until the Early Modern period (AD 1500-1700).

Chapter 5

Modern Ecological Structure and Lithic Resources of Northern Norway [+–]
Hans Peter Blankholm,Bryan C. Hood
UiT – The Arctic University of Norway
Hans Peter Blankholm is Professor in archaeology at the Department of History and Religious Studies, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway. His research covers Stone Age archaeology of Scandinavia and analytical methodology relating to spatial analyses, GIS, remote sensing and predictive modelling. Blankholm is a member of the board for the Earth- and Environmental Sciences Division within the European Academy of Sciences, and a member of UISPP Commission IV.
UiT – the Arctic University of Norway
Bryan C. Hood is Professor in Archaeology at UiT- the Arctic University of Norway, with a focus on hunter-gatherer settlement and social organization in the circumpolar region. In addition to northern Norway, he has worked in the Arctic/Subarctic transition zone of northeastern Canada (Labrador), Greenland, Baffin Island and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. His research interests include the organization of lithic technology, shellfish procurement and archaeological research history. Currently, he is exploring the use of pXRF in characterizing the chert sources of northern Norway, as well as the use of incremental growth in marine shells for seasonality determination.

For a century, Stone Age research on the coast of north Norway has been influential on settlement studies in the larger region. Research on Stone Age and Sámi coastal sites has brought forward central debates in the general archaeology in Fennoscandia. Our knowledge of the inland has on the other hand, been week, geographically skewed towards the larger river valleys and exhibiting major chronological gaps, the reality of which was unknown. From 2008 to 2013 the LARM project (Landscape and Resource Management) was aimed at generating new archaeological knowledge of the inland and integrating it with old, mostly unpublished, data derived from hydroelectric development projects implemented in the 1970s and 1980s. This book is the result of that effort. The book is framed conceptually by a general approach to hunter-gatherer landscape use. This is discussed also in relation to the transition from hunting to reindeer herding among the indigenous Sámi in the region under study. Sámi landscape practices and knowledge constitute an important baseline, with circumpolar perspectives integrated. The archaeological and historical data investigated in the book range from about 7500 BC until the Early Modern period (AD 1500-1700).

Chapter 6

Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions [+–]
Bryan C. Hood,Hans Peter Blankholm
UiT – the Arctic University of Norway
Bryan C. Hood is Professor in Archaeology at UiT- the Arctic University of Norway, with a focus on hunter-gatherer settlement and social organization in the circumpolar region. In addition to northern Norway, he has worked in the Arctic/Subarctic transition zone of northeastern Canada (Labrador), Greenland, Baffin Island and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. His research interests include the organization of lithic technology, shellfish procurement and archaeological research history. Currently, he is exploring the use of pXRF in characterizing the chert sources of northern Norway, as well as the use of incremental growth in marine shells for seasonality determination.

UiT – The Arctic University of Norway
Hans Peter Blankholm is Professor in archaeology at the Department of History and Religious Studies, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway. His research covers Stone Age archaeology of Scandinavia and analytical methodology relating to spatial analyses, GIS, remote sensing and predictive modelling. Blankholm is a member of the board for the Earth- and Environmental Sciences Division within the European Academy of Sciences, and a member of UISPP Commission IV.
For a century, Stone Age research on the coast of north Norway has been influential on settlement studies in the larger region. Research on Stone Age and Sámi coastal sites has brought forward central debates in the general archaeology in Fennoscandia. Our knowledge of the inland has on the other hand, been week, geographically skewed towards the larger river valleys and exhibiting major chronological gaps, the reality of which was unknown. From 2008 to 2013 the LARM project (Landscape and Resource Management) was aimed at generating new archaeological knowledge of the inland and integrating it with old, mostly unpublished, data derived from hydroelectric development projects implemented in the 1970s and 1980s. This book is the result of that effort. The book is framed conceptually by a general approach to hunter-gatherer landscape use. This is discussed also in relation to the transition from hunting to reindeer herding among the indigenous Sámi in the region under study. Sámi landscape practices and knowledge constitute an important baseline, with circumpolar perspectives integrated. The archaeological and historical data investigated in the book range from about 7500 BC until the Early Modern period (AD 1500-1700).

Chapter 7

Previous Archaeological Research in Interior Finnmark and Troms [+–]
Marianne Skandfer,Bryan C. Hood,Hans Peter Blankholm
Tromsø Museum – The University Museum, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway
Marianne Skandfer is Associate professor in archaeology at Tromsø University Museum, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway. Among her fields of research is spatial and temporal variations in Stone Age house-pit dwelling.
UiT – the Arctic University of Norway
Bryan C. Hood is Professor in Archaeology at UiT- the Arctic University of Norway, with a focus on hunter-gatherer settlement and social organization in the circumpolar region. In addition to northern Norway, he has worked in the Arctic/Subarctic transition zone of northeastern Canada (Labrador), Greenland, Baffin Island and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. His research interests include the organization of lithic technology, shellfish procurement and archaeological research history. Currently, he is exploring the use of pXRF in characterizing the chert sources of northern Norway, as well as the use of incremental growth in marine shells for seasonality determination.

UiT – The Arctic University of Norway
Hans Peter Blankholm is Professor in archaeology at the Department of History and Religious Studies, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway. His research covers Stone Age archaeology of Scandinavia and analytical methodology relating to spatial analyses, GIS, remote sensing and predictive modelling. Blankholm is a member of the board for the Earth- and Environmental Sciences Division within the European Academy of Sciences, and a member of UISPP Commission IV.
7.1. Previous investigations in inner Finnmark and Troms 7.2. Juntavađđa, Ássebákti and the birth of Sámi archaeology 7.3. 1970’s Investigations in Inner Finnmark 7.4. 1980s-1990s Investigations in Inner Finnmark 7.5. 1970s-1990s Investigations in Inner Troms 7.6. Investigations in the Bácheveaij/Pasvik River Valley 7.7. Implications for LARM

Chapter 8

LARM Investigations in Inner Finnmark 1: The Kárášjohka/Karasjok Region [+–]
Marianne Skandfer,Bryan C. Hood
Tromsø Museum – The University Museum, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway
Marianne Skandfer is Associate professor in archaeology at Tromsø University Museum, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway. Among her fields of research is spatial and temporal variations in Stone Age house-pit dwelling.
UiT – the Arctic University of Norway
Bryan C. Hood is Professor in Archaeology at UiT- the Arctic University of Norway, with a focus on hunter-gatherer settlement and social organization in the circumpolar region. In addition to northern Norway, he has worked in the Arctic/Subarctic transition zone of northeastern Canada (Labrador), Greenland, Baffin Island and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. His research interests include the organization of lithic technology, shellfish procurement and archaeological research history. Currently, he is exploring the use of pXRF in characterizing the chert sources of northern Norway, as well as the use of incremental growth in marine shells for seasonality determination.

8.1. General Introduction 8.2. The Kárášjohka/Karasjok Region 8.3. The Iešjohka – Mollešjohka – Iešjávri Corridor 8.4. Regional Case Study: A Hunting-pit System at Jálgesvárri 8.5. The Jergul Region 8.6. Regional Case Study: An Early Metal Age Dwelling Site at Guovžadievvá 8.7. The Ássebákti – Kárášjohka Region 8.8. Regional Case Study: An Early Metal Age Multi-Phase House-Pit at Čoallajávri 8.9. Small-Scale Investigations 8.10. Discussion of Landscape Use

Chapter 9

LARM Investigations in Inner Finnmark 2: Small Investigations in Western Finnmark and Investigations of House-Pits in the Bácheveaij/Pasvik and Deatnu/Tana River Valleys, Eastern Finnmark [+–]
Marianne Skandfer,Bryan C. Hood
Tromsø Museum – The University Museum, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway
Marianne Skandfer is Associate professor in archaeology at Tromsø University Museum, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway. Among her fields of research is spatial and temporal variations in Stone Age house-pit dwelling.
UiT – the Arctic University of Norway
Bryan C. Hood is Professor in Archaeology at UiT- the Arctic University of Norway, with a focus on hunter-gatherer settlement and social organization in the circumpolar region. In addition to northern Norway, he has worked in the Arctic/Subarctic transition zone of northeastern Canada (Labrador), Greenland, Baffin Island and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. His research interests include the organization of lithic technology, shellfish procurement and archaeological research history. Currently, he is exploring the use of pXRF in characterizing the chert sources of northern Norway, as well as the use of incremental growth in marine shells for seasonality determination.

9.1. General Introduction 9.2. Investigations of House-Pits in the Bácheveaij/Pasvik River Valley, Eastern Finnmark 9.3. Investigations of House-Pits in the Deatnu/Tana River Valley, Eastern Finnmark 9.4. Small-Scale Investigations in Guovdageáidnu/Kautokeino, Láhpojohka and Sennalandet, Western Finnmark 9.5. Discussion of Landscape Use

Chapter 10

LARM Investigations in Inner Troms 1: Altevatn – Leinvatn and Vuolit Rostojávri/ Lille Rostavatn [+–]
Hans Peter Blankholm
UiT – The Arctic University of Norway
Hans Peter Blankholm is Professor in archaeology at the Department of History and Religious Studies, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway. His research covers Stone Age archaeology of Scandinavia and analytical methodology relating to spatial analyses, GIS, remote sensing and predictive modelling. Blankholm is a member of the board for the Earth- and Environmental Sciences Division within the European Academy of Sciences, and a member of UISPP Commission IV.
10.1. General Introduction 10.2. Introduction to the Altevatn – Leinavatn Region 10.3. Regional Case Study: (1) Excavations at Leinavasshytta 1 and 4, and (2) Test-pitting and dating of pit-houses and pit-falls in the Ostu and Leinavatnet area 10.4. Introduction to the Vuolit Rostojávri/Lille Rostavatn Region 10.5. Regional Case Study: Excavations at Vuolit Rostojávre/Lille Rostavatn 10.6. Introduction to the Guomojávrrit Region 10.7. Regional Case Study: Excavations at Guomojávri 10.8. Discussion of Landscape Use

Chapter 11

LARM Investigations in Inner Troms 2: The Guomojávrrit Region [+–]
Asgeir Svestad
UiT – The Arctic University of Norway
Department of Archaeology, History, Religious Studies and Theology, Associate Professor
For a century, Stone Age research on the coast of north Norway has been influential on settlement studies in the larger region. Research on Stone Age and Sámi coastal sites has brought forward central debates in the general archaeology in Fennoscandia. Our knowledge of the inland has on the other hand, been week, geographically skewed towards the larger river valleys and exhibiting major chronological gaps, the reality of which was unknown. From 2008 to 2013 the LARM project (Landscape and Resource Management) was aimed at generating new archaeological knowledge of the inland and integrating it with old, mostly unpublished, data derived from hydroelectric development projects implemented in the 1970s and 1980s. This book is the result of that effort. The book is framed conceptually by a general approach to hunter-gatherer landscape use. This is discussed also in relation to the transition from hunting to reindeer herding among the indigenous Sámi in the region under study. Sámi landscape practices and knowledge constitute an important baseline, with circumpolar perspectives integrated. The archaeological and historical data investigated in the book range from about 7500 BC until the Early Modern period (AD 1500-1700).

Chapter 12

House Pits in the Northern Interior [+–]
Hans Peter Blankholm,Marianne Skandfer
UiT – The Arctic University of Norway
Hans Peter Blankholm is Professor in archaeology at the Department of History and Religious Studies, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway. His research covers Stone Age archaeology of Scandinavia and analytical methodology relating to spatial analyses, GIS, remote sensing and predictive modelling. Blankholm is a member of the board for the Earth- and Environmental Sciences Division within the European Academy of Sciences, and a member of UISPP Commission IV.
Tromsø Museum – The University Museum, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway
Marianne Skandfer is Associate professor in archaeology at Tromsø University Museum, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway. Among her fields of research is spatial and temporal variations in Stone Age house-pit dwelling.
For a century, Stone Age research on the coast of north Norway has been influential on settlement studies in the larger region. Research on Stone Age and Sámi coastal sites has brought forward central debates in the general archaeology in Fennoscandia. Our knowledge of the inland has on the other hand, been week, geographically skewed towards the larger river valleys and exhibiting major chronological gaps, the reality of which was unknown. From 2008 to 2013 the LARM project (Landscape and Resource Management) was aimed at generating new archaeological knowledge of the inland and integrating it with old, mostly unpublished, data derived from hydroelectric development projects implemented in the 1970s and 1980s. This book is the result of that effort. The book is framed conceptually by a general approach to hunter-gatherer landscape use. This is discussed also in relation to the transition from hunting to reindeer herding among the indigenous Sámi in the region under study. Sámi landscape practices and knowledge constitute an important baseline, with circumpolar perspectives integrated. The archaeological and historical data investigated in the book range from about 7500 BC until the Early Modern period (AD 1500-1700).

Chapter 13

Hunting-Pit Systems in the Northern Interior [+–]
Bryan C. Hood
UiT – the Arctic University of Norway
Bryan C. Hood is Professor in Archaeology at UiT- the Arctic University of Norway, with a focus on hunter-gatherer settlement and social organization in the circumpolar region. In addition to northern Norway, he has worked in the Arctic/Subarctic transition zone of northeastern Canada (Labrador), Greenland, Baffin Island and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. His research interests include the organization of lithic technology, shellfish procurement and archaeological research history. Currently, he is exploring the use of pXRF in characterizing the chert sources of northern Norway, as well as the use of incremental growth in marine shells for seasonality determination.

For a century, Stone Age research on the coast of north Norway has been influential on settlement studies in the larger region. Research on Stone Age and Sámi coastal sites has brought forward central debates in the general archaeology in Fennoscandia. Our knowledge of the inland has on the other hand, been week, geographically skewed towards the larger river valleys and exhibiting major chronological gaps, the reality of which was unknown. From 2008 to 2013 the LARM project (Landscape and Resource Management) was aimed at generating new archaeological knowledge of the inland and integrating it with old, mostly unpublished, data derived from hydroelectric development projects implemented in the 1970s and 1980s. This book is the result of that effort. The book is framed conceptually by a general approach to hunter-gatherer landscape use. This is discussed also in relation to the transition from hunting to reindeer herding among the indigenous Sámi in the region under study. Sámi landscape practices and knowledge constitute an important baseline, with circumpolar perspectives integrated. The archaeological and historical data investigated in the book range from about 7500 BC until the Early Modern period (AD 1500-1700).

Chapter 14

Settlement Models for Interior Finnmark [+–]
Bryan C. Hood
UiT – the Arctic University of Norway
Bryan C. Hood is Professor in Archaeology at UiT- the Arctic University of Norway, with a focus on hunter-gatherer settlement and social organization in the circumpolar region. In addition to northern Norway, he has worked in the Arctic/Subarctic transition zone of northeastern Canada (Labrador), Greenland, Baffin Island and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. His research interests include the organization of lithic technology, shellfish procurement and archaeological research history. Currently, he is exploring the use of pXRF in characterizing the chert sources of northern Norway, as well as the use of incremental growth in marine shells for seasonality determination.

For a century, Stone Age research on the coast of north Norway has been influential on settlement studies in the larger region. Research on Stone Age and Sámi coastal sites has brought forward central debates in the general archaeology in Fennoscandia. Our knowledge of the inland has on the other hand, been week, geographically skewed towards the larger river valleys and exhibiting major chronological gaps, the reality of which was unknown. From 2008 to 2013 the LARM project (Landscape and Resource Management) was aimed at generating new archaeological knowledge of the inland and integrating it with old, mostly unpublished, data derived from hydroelectric development projects implemented in the 1970s and 1980s. This book is the result of that effort. The book is framed conceptually by a general approach to hunter-gatherer landscape use. This is discussed also in relation to the transition from hunting to reindeer herding among the indigenous Sámi in the region under study. Sámi landscape practices and knowledge constitute an important baseline, with circumpolar perspectives integrated. The archaeological and historical data investigated in the book range from about 7500 BC until the Early Modern period (AD 1500-1700).

Chapter 15

The Emergence of Reindeer Herding in North Norway, Part I: Improvisations on Two Scales [+–]
Bryan C. Hood
UiT – the Arctic University of Norway
Bryan C. Hood is Professor in Archaeology at UiT- the Arctic University of Norway, with a focus on hunter-gatherer settlement and social organization in the circumpolar region. In addition to northern Norway, he has worked in the Arctic/Subarctic transition zone of northeastern Canada (Labrador), Greenland, Baffin Island and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. His research interests include the organization of lithic technology, shellfish procurement and archaeological research history. Currently, he is exploring the use of pXRF in characterizing the chert sources of northern Norway, as well as the use of incremental growth in marine shells for seasonality determination.

For a century, Stone Age research on the coast of north Norway has been influential on settlement studies in the larger region. Research on Stone Age and Sámi coastal sites has brought forward central debates in the general archaeology in Fennoscandia. Our knowledge of the inland has on the other hand, been week, geographically skewed towards the larger river valleys and exhibiting major chronological gaps, the reality of which was unknown. From 2008 to 2013 the LARM project (Landscape and Resource Management) was aimed at generating new archaeological knowledge of the inland and integrating it with old, mostly unpublished, data derived from hydroelectric development projects implemented in the 1970s and 1980s. This book is the result of that effort. The book is framed conceptually by a general approach to hunter-gatherer landscape use. This is discussed also in relation to the transition from hunting to reindeer herding among the indigenous Sámi in the region under study. Sámi landscape practices and knowledge constitute an important baseline, with circumpolar perspectives integrated. The archaeological and historical data investigated in the book range from about 7500 BC until the Early Modern period (AD 1500-1700).

Chapter 16

The Emergence of Reindeer Herding in North Norway Part 2: Archaeological and Historical Evidence [+–]
Bryan C. Hood
UiT – the Arctic University of Norway
Bryan C. Hood is Professor in Archaeology at UiT- the Arctic University of Norway, with a focus on hunter-gatherer settlement and social organization in the circumpolar region. In addition to northern Norway, he has worked in the Arctic/Subarctic transition zone of northeastern Canada (Labrador), Greenland, Baffin Island and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. His research interests include the organization of lithic technology, shellfish procurement and archaeological research history. Currently, he is exploring the use of pXRF in characterizing the chert sources of northern Norway, as well as the use of incremental growth in marine shells for seasonality determination.

For a century, Stone Age research on the coast of north Norway has been influential on settlement studies in the larger region. Research on Stone Age and Sámi coastal sites has brought forward central debates in the general archaeology in Fennoscandia. Our knowledge of the inland has on the other hand, been week, geographically skewed towards the larger river valleys and exhibiting major chronological gaps, the reality of which was unknown. From 2008 to 2013 the LARM project (Landscape and Resource Management) was aimed at generating new archaeological knowledge of the inland and integrating it with old, mostly unpublished, data derived from hydroelectric development projects implemented in the 1970s and 1980s. This book is the result of that effort. The book is framed conceptually by a general approach to hunter-gatherer landscape use. This is discussed also in relation to the transition from hunting to reindeer herding among the indigenous Sámi in the region under study. Sámi landscape practices and knowledge constitute an important baseline, with circumpolar perspectives integrated. The archaeological and historical data investigated in the book range from about 7500 BC until the Early Modern period (AD 1500-1700).

Chapter 17

Historical Sources and Ethnographic Analogies: The Early Modern Sámi of Inner Finnmark as Seen Through the Swedish Tax Records, 1553-1752 [+–]
Bryan C. Hood
UiT – the Arctic University of Norway
Bryan C. Hood is Professor in Archaeology at UiT- the Arctic University of Norway, with a focus on hunter-gatherer settlement and social organization in the circumpolar region. In addition to northern Norway, he has worked in the Arctic/Subarctic transition zone of northeastern Canada (Labrador), Greenland, Baffin Island and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. His research interests include the organization of lithic technology, shellfish procurement and archaeological research history. Currently, he is exploring the use of pXRF in characterizing the chert sources of northern Norway, as well as the use of incremental growth in marine shells for seasonality determination.

For a century, Stone Age research on the coast of north Norway has been influential on settlement studies in the larger region. Research on Stone Age and Sámi coastal sites has brought forward central debates in the general archaeology in Fennoscandia. Our knowledge of the inland has on the other hand, been week, geographically skewed towards the larger river valleys and exhibiting major chronological gaps, the reality of which was unknown. From 2008 to 2013 the LARM project (Landscape and Resource Management) was aimed at generating new archaeological knowledge of the inland and integrating it with old, mostly unpublished, data derived from hydroelectric development projects implemented in the 1970s and 1980s. This book is the result of that effort. The book is framed conceptually by a general approach to hunter-gatherer landscape use. This is discussed also in relation to the transition from hunting to reindeer herding among the indigenous Sámi in the region under study. Sámi landscape practices and knowledge constitute an important baseline, with circumpolar perspectives integrated. The archaeological and historical data investigated in the book range from about 7500 BC until the Early Modern period (AD 1500-1700).

Chapter 18

Pollen Analytical Investigations in Finnmark [+–]
Helge Irgens Høeg
Helge Irgens Høeg is a Norwegian botanist.
For a century, Stone Age research on the coast of north Norway has been influential on settlement studies in the larger region. Research on Stone Age and Sámi coastal sites has brought forward central debates in the general archaeology in Fennoscandia. Our knowledge of the inland has on the other hand, been week, geographically skewed towards the larger river valleys and exhibiting major chronological gaps, the reality of which was unknown. From 2008 to 2013 the LARM project (Landscape and Resource Management) was aimed at generating new archaeological knowledge of the inland and integrating it with old, mostly unpublished, data derived from hydroelectric development projects implemented in the 1970s and 1980s. This book is the result of that effort. The book is framed conceptually by a general approach to hunter-gatherer landscape use. This is discussed also in relation to the transition from hunting to reindeer herding among the indigenous Sámi in the region under study. Sámi landscape practices and knowledge constitute an important baseline, with circumpolar perspectives integrated. The archaeological and historical data investigated in the book range from about 7500 BC until the Early Modern period (AD 1500-1700).

Chapter 19

Conclusions. Resource Management and Landscape Use in a Long-Term Perspective [+–]
Marianne Skandfer,Hans Peter Blankholm,Bryan C. Hood
Tromsø Museum – The University Museum, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway
Marianne Skandfer is Associate professor in archaeology at Tromsø University Museum, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway. Among her fields of research is spatial and temporal variations in Stone Age house-pit dwelling.
UiT – The Arctic University of Norway
Hans Peter Blankholm is Professor in archaeology at the Department of History and Religious Studies, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway. His research covers Stone Age archaeology of Scandinavia and analytical methodology relating to spatial analyses, GIS, remote sensing and predictive modelling. Blankholm is a member of the board for the Earth- and Environmental Sciences Division within the European Academy of Sciences, and a member of UISPP Commission IV.
UiT – the Arctic University of Norway
Bryan C. Hood is Professor in Archaeology at UiT- the Arctic University of Norway, with a focus on hunter-gatherer settlement and social organization in the circumpolar region. In addition to northern Norway, he has worked in the Arctic/Subarctic transition zone of northeastern Canada (Labrador), Greenland, Baffin Island and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. His research interests include the organization of lithic technology, shellfish procurement and archaeological research history. Currently, he is exploring the use of pXRF in characterizing the chert sources of northern Norway, as well as the use of incremental growth in marine shells for seasonality determination.

For a century, Stone Age research on the coast of north Norway has been influential on settlement studies in the larger region. Research on Stone Age and Sámi coastal sites has brought forward central debates in the general archaeology in Fennoscandia. Our knowledge of the inland has on the other hand, been week, geographically skewed towards the larger river valleys and exhibiting major chronological gaps, the reality of which was unknown. From 2008 to 2013 the LARM project (Landscape and Resource Management) was aimed at generating new archaeological knowledge of the inland and integrating it with old, mostly unpublished, data derived from hydroelectric development projects implemented in the 1970s and 1980s. This book is the result of that effort. The book is framed conceptually by a general approach to hunter-gatherer landscape use. This is discussed also in relation to the transition from hunting to reindeer herding among the indigenous Sámi in the region under study. Sámi landscape practices and knowledge constitute an important baseline, with circumpolar perspectives integrated. The archaeological and historical data investigated in the book range from about 7500 BC until the Early Modern period (AD 1500-1700).

ISBN-13 (Hardback)
9781781798171
Price (Hardback)
£80.00 / $120.00
ISBN (eBook)
9781781798188
Price (eBook)
Individual
£80.00 / $120.00
Institutional
£80.00 / $120.00
Publication
01/11/2021
Pages
700
Size
254 x 178mm
Readership
scholars
Illustration
221 colour figures

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